Background. Flexor Tendon repair damage to both deep and superficial flexor Tendons injuries, especially in zone II, has special importance that distinguishes it from other zones. This study evaluated the effect of atorvastatin, a cheap, available, and non-cytotoxic drug, on the Adhesion phenomenon resulting from tissue repair. Methods. Overall, 52 patients were included in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. In the first group, atorvastatin 20 mg was administered daily for three weeks. In the control group, a placebo was used for three weeks. After 3 months, the range of motion, extension gap, extension lag, and flexion gap for each finger were measured and compared in the two groups. Results. Based on the results, using atorvastatin led to an increase in the range of motion in distal interphalangeal (DIP) injured patients. In addition, extension, flexion gap, and extension lag in both groups were the same. The rate of improvement in the range of motion in smokers was significantly lower. Conclusion. Using atorvastatin in surgical patients appears to be effective in increasing the range of motion of DIP and improving this Adhesion. The negative effects of smoke on the rate of improvement that have been investigated in limited studies in this area should not be ignored either. Practical Implications. In surgery to repair the flexor Tendon, using atorvastatin has really helped improve the ability to move the DIP joint. Patients are also asked to stop smoking temporarily to make their recovery go faster.

Background: Peritendinous Adhesion as a common post-surgical complication usually occurs as a result of a large portion of sports and hard job-related injuries. This study aims to evaluate the repurposed potential of the immunosuppressive approved drug, tacrolimus, in decreasing Adhesion band formation post-Achilles Tendon surgeries in an animal model. Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, sham with surgical intervention but no Adhesion, positive control group with surgical transection and Adhesion received no treatment, tacrolimus group was the same as the positive control group except that rats were treated with 2 mg/Kg/day tacrolimus orally for 21 days. The anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties of oral tacrolimus treatment in attenuating the formation of Adhesion bands were analyzed by One-way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Tacrolimus decreased the length (P=0. 001), density (P=0. 001), grading (P=0. 023), severity (P=0. 001), and thickness (P=0. 008) of post-surgical Adhesion bands compared to the untreated group. Histopathological changes and recruitment of inflammatory cells to the Tendon tissue sections were attenuated in the tacrolimus-treated group (P=0. 001) in comparison with the positive control group. Compared to the untreated group, tacrolimus treatment decreased the expression of IL-1β (P=0. 059) in the Tendon tissue, but the difference was not statistically significant. Moreover, tacrolimus elicited anti-fibrotic responses by reducing the expression of tissue growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the Tendon and inhibiting collagen deposition, fibrosis quantity (P=0. 001), fibrosis grading (P=0. 001), and total fibrosis scores (P=0. 001), as visualized by Masson’s trichrome staining. Conclusion: These results support the protective properties of tacrolimus in decreasing post-operative Adhesion band formation in the animal model.

Hand Tendon injuries have significant negative effect on patients’ daily routine and recreational activities by causing dysfunction of hand and this reduces the quality of life. Based on the researches, this issue has a high prevalence. Researchers suggest different causes for this problem, including traumatic injury, motor vehicle injuries, combat injuries and occupational ones. Rehabilitation of flexor Tendons after their repair is challenging for health providers, since they should maintain the balance between protecting the repaired tissue and providing enough Tendon gliding to prevent from contracture and Adhesion. Hand rehab programs should be accessible for patients to minimize the chance Adhesion and maximize the function. During past two decades, surgical interventions, especially regarding second zone of hand, has improved significantly and this has led to better outcome. Small incisions in these surgeries prevent the tissue from edema. Furthermore, the sutures should be resistant enough to remain intact in rehabilitation sessions.

Background and Aim: Adhesion as an important physical factor in denture retention varies in different base materials. In this research the rate of Adhesion is measured in the commonly used denture base materials. Methods & Materials: Twelve kind of different materials used in denture base were considered and 10 specimens of each of them were made. Then, the forces necessary to separate specimens from distilled water are measured by using special measuring devices for determining surface tensions. The results were compared with one way analysis of variance and paired t - test.Results: Red autopolymerized Meliodent Acrylic resin showed the maximum (987.5±29.3mg) and silicon Molloplast B showed the minimum rate of Adhesion (885.5±44.7mg). Also, the rate of Adhesion of heat cure Meliodent acrylic (965.3±17.6mg) was more than Acropars acrylic (945±35.4mg) and variation was statistically significant (P<0.05). Polishing the acrylic caused increase in the rate of Adhesion which was statistically significant (P<0.0001).Conclusion: Physical retention due to the Adhesion of acrylic resin is expected more than of silicone and to obtain the better retention, it is recommended to polish the impression surface of complete denture.

The Tendon is a firm fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. This structure has the ability to transfer mechanical forces resulting from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. Tendinitis is a general term, often used to describe painful Tendon situations due to constant stretching, overuse, degeneration, or poor Tendon biomechanism. Tendinopathy is often the result of useless attempts by the body to regenerate a Tendon, which a pathological conflict has led to a malfunction. Various treatments have been used to manage Tendon disorders. Stem cells are divided into two categories. Embryonic cells (which are very potential but due to ethical considerations, limited studies have been done on them) and postnatal cells. Postnatal cells are divided into two categories, which include,Hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into multiple cells, including tenocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts. these cells are a potential alternative to treating Tendon lesions. This article presentan overview of the structure, biomechanics and disorders of Tendon and, while pointing to the common therapies today, introduces stem cells, retrospective studies and possibility of using these cells in the optimal treatment of Tendon disorders.

Among the flexor Tendons in the horse's limbs, the superficial digital flexor Tendon is more prone to damage than the deep digital flexor Tendon. SDF Tendonitis is a common injury in event horses. Recovery of superficial digital flexor Tendon (SDFT) injuries is slow, but re-injury is likely. SDF Tendon injuries are more common in the forelimb. Flexor Tendon injuries are due to strain on the Tendon or a direct trauma. Tendon damage vary from inflammation and pain to complete rupture of the Tendon. Injuries caused by strain are associated with swelling that require ultrasound assessment to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for these injuries includes anti-inflammatory treatment, which is initially followed by a rehabilitation program. In cases where drug treatment is not responsive, surgical procedures including Tendon splitting and superior check ligament desmotomy can be used. In this study, we briefly review the Tendonitis of the superficial digital flexor Tendon, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Background: Large defects in chronic Achilles Tendon ruptures are difficult to rapair. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes following reconstruction of the chronic large gaps in Achilles Tendon ruture using free semitendinosus interposition Tendon grafting.Methods: In a case series study, eleven male patients with mean age of 30±4 years and average defect size of 8.31±1.96 cm in their old Achilles Tendon underwent reconstruction during 6 years in a teaching hospital in Tehran-Iran. Ipsilateral semitendinosus free Tendon graft was used for reconstruction. The cases were evaluated by Ankle-Hindfoot Scale of American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS), and the Achilles Tendon Rupture Score (ATRS) to with a mean follow-up of 25.36±3.3 months.Results: The pre-operative AOFAS and ATRS of 70.4±5.3 and 31.7±5.7 preoperatively improved to 91.8±4.8 and 88.7±4.2 values. The ankle dorsiflexion showed a significant decline-postoperative value of 13.5±4.2 degrees compared to preoperative of 17.2±3.9 degrees (p=0.04). All the cases except a professional athlete, returned to their previous activities.Conclusion: This technique offers good clinical and functional results in patients with large defects and is associated with no donnersite morbidity. We recommend this technique for the reconstruction of the chronic at ruptures in patients with over 6 cm defects.

Background: Extensor Tendon repair is prone to Adhesion that affects the outcomes of Tendon repair surgery and Tendon function regain. Prevention of these complications should be considered in Tendon rupture treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effect of Tendon wrapping with amniotic membrane on the outcomes of extensor Tendon repair in zone 6. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients with an extensor Tendon injury in zone 6 following penetrating trauma to extensor digitorum communis of the third and fourth digits referred to 15 Khordad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran . Patients were randomly assigned into two matched groups based on age and gender. Both groups underwent Tendon repair using the modified Kessler method. In the intervention group (n=15), the repair site was wrapped with an amniotic membrane, while the control group underwent the traditional procedure without wrapping. Both groups underwent a similar rehabilitation process. Patients were followed up for 6 months. The QuickDash score, range of motion (ROM), complications, and recovery duration were recorded for patients in both groups. Results: The patients in the intervention group had a lower QuickDash score (P<0.001), ROM (P<0.001), and shorter recovery duration (P<0.001) compared to the control group. The only complication was a wound infection that was seen in one patient in the control group. There was no evidence of Tendon re-rupture and amniotic membrane hypersensitivity among patients. Conclusion: Amniotic, wrapping is an effective method in extensor Tendon repair and is associated with better outcomes and faster recovery, suggesting less peritendinous fibrosis.

Tendon healing is prolonged due to the small number of cells, poor circulation, and low metabolism. The optimal Tendon healing and its complete functional recovery have always been a challenge for researchers. Silymarin possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, analgesic, and regenerative properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of silymarin on healing the Achilles Tendon in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into two groups of control and treatment. After surgical preparation, a complete transverse incision was made in the middle part of the Achilles Tendon, and then a modified Kessler suture was placed. The control group received 1. 00 mL normal saline for five consecutive days, and the treatment group received 50. 00 mg kg-1 of silymarin suspended in 1. 00 mL normal saline for five days, orally. During the experimental period, Achilles functional index (AFI) was recorded. Six weeks after surgery, sampling was done. Histopathologically, a significant increase in the density of collagen fibers and reduction in neovascularization and inflammatory cells infiltration were observed in the treatment group. The biomechanical evaluation showed a significant increase in tensile strength of the Tendon in the treatment group compared to the control group. The AFI results were concomitant with the results stated above, indicating an improvement in the AFI of rats in the treatment group. The present study results showed that oral administration of silymarin improved tissue healing indices, biomechanical properties, and functional index, leading to optimal healing of experimental Achilles Tendon injury in the rat.